Wiki · Longeva

Incretin AgonistsRetatrutideRetatrutide (LY3437943) is a synthetic single-molecule triple agonist of the GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptors studied in metabolic research on obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Mitochondrial & Longevity Peptides5-Amino-1MQ (NNMT inhibitor)5-Amino-1MQ (5-amino-1-methylquinolinium) is a membrane-permeable small-molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), an enzyme that consumes S-adenosylmethionine and nicotinamide. The compound is studied as a research tool for probing NAD+ metabolism, methylation flux and adipocyte biology in preclinical models. For research use only (RUO).

Muscle growthACE-083: a locally acting follistatin-Fc ActRII ligand trapACE-083 is Acceleron's follistatin-Fc fusion protein, engineered to act only in the muscle it is injected into. In phase 2 trials in FSHD and CMT it reliably increased muscle volume but did not improve function, and development was discontinued in 2020.

Anti-fibrosisAc-SDKP (goralatide): endogenous tetrapeptide and ACE N-domain substrateAc-SDKP is the N-terminal fragment of thymosin β4 and the only natural specific substrate of the ACE N-domain. Its receptor has never been identified, and its clinical history ran backwards: as goralatide it reached phase I–II for chemoprotection in the 1990s, while the antifibrotic indication it is known for today has never been tested in humans.

Repair & Recovery PeptidesARA-290 (cibinetide): an EPO-derived peptide agonist of the innate repair receptorARA-290 (cibinetide) is a synthetic 11-mer peptide reproducing the aqueous face of erythropoietin helix B that selectively activates the innate repair receptor (the EPOR/βcR heterocomplex) without driving erythropoiesis. This monograph covers structure, molecular mechanism, signaling, the preclinical and clinical research record, pharmacokinetics and analytics. Research-use-only content.

Anti-fibrosisB7-33: a single-chain relaxin B-chain analog and functionally selective RXFP1 agonistB7-33 is a synthetic single-chain peptide derived from the relaxin-2 B-chain and the first functionally selective (biased) agonist of RXFP1, with anti-fibrotic activity in preclinical heart, lung and kidney models. This material is a scientific reference only (RUO); no established human dose exists.

Tissue repairBMP-7 (OP-1): a TGF-β family growth factor and the endogenous brake on TGF-β1BMP-7, or OP-1, is a recombinant TGF-β family growth factor, not a short synthetic peptide. It is the only molecule in this group that reached the operating room: as OP-1 it held FDA authorisation under a humanitarian device exemption before leaving the US market in 2014. This monograph covers why BMP-7 is better described as a brake on TGF-β1 than a repair signal, what the kidney models showed, endogenous antagonists, the carrier problem, the negative THR-184 phase 2, and what to check in an analytical package. RUO.

Tissue repairBPC-157 + TB-500: Tissue-Repair Peptide BlendThe two most-studied tissue-repair peptides — the stable gastroprotective BPC-157 and an actin-binding fragment of thymosin β4 (TB-500) — in one vial. What each one is, which mechanisms the literature attributes to them, which models they were studied in, and — with an honest limits section — where the evidence ends.

Tissue repairBPC-157: a pentadecapeptide for tissue-repair researchBPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157): chemistry, sequence, directions of preclinical research and its status as a research reagent. A Longeva reference monograph.

GHRH analoguesCJC-1295 with DAC — long-acting GHRH analog with a Drug Affinity ComplexCJC-1295 with DAC is a GHRH analogue on the GRF(1-29) scaffold fitted with a Drug Affinity Complex that binds albumin covalently and extends the terminal half-life to ~6–8 days. A reference overview of the mechanism, the role of DAC, and the preclinical (rat) and early human (phase 1/2) data. Research-use-only material, no dosing.

DSIP (Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide)DSIP peptide is a natural nonapeptide discovered in the 1970s during sleep research. It was studied as a possible carrier of the delta-sleep signal, yet its own physiological function remains unproven.

Anti-agingFOXO4-DRI: a senolytic peptide that disrupts the FOXO4-p53 interactionFOXO4-DRI is a synthetic senolytic peptide on a D-retro-inverso scaffold that disrupts the FOXO4-p53 interaction and selectively triggers apoptosis in senescent cells. This monograph summarises its design, mechanism, preclinical research record (in vivo in mice and in vitro in human cells) and the maturity of the evidence base. The material is a scientific reference only (RUO); no established human dose exists.

GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide)GHK-Cu is a natural copper complex of the Gly-His-Lys tripeptide, studied as a signalling molecule for skin regeneration, matrix remodelling, and antioxidant defence.

GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin): Growth Hormone Secretagogue Peptide MonographGHRP-2 (pralmorelin, KP-102) is a synthetic hexapeptide and ghrelin-receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist studied as a growth hormone secretagogue. A research-use scientific reference: mechanism, preclinical versus human data, honest evidence framing, and no dosing guidance.

GH secretagoguesGHRP-6: ghrelin-receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist — reference monographGHRP-6 is a synthetic hexapeptide and ghrelin-receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist that releases growth hormone through a pathway separate from GHRH. A reference monograph: the receptor, the hexapeptide structure, the appetite component, GHRH synergy, and an honest split between preclinical and human data. Research use only (RUO).

Healing and regenerationHGF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor): c-Met ligand, regeneration and anti-fibrosisHGF is not a peptide but a ~90 kDa two-chain glycoprotein related to plasminogen, carrying a catalytically dead protease domain. It is the sole ligand of the c-Met proto-oncogene. This monograph covers structure, its threefold discovery, knockout and liver-regeneration evidence, the failed phase 3 of VM202 gene therapy, and open questions. RUO.

HGH Fragment 176-191 (AOD-9604): Growth Hormone FragmentHGH Fragment 176-191 (AOD-9604) is a C-terminal growth-hormone fragment studied as a selective fat-mobilising agent without GH's growth-promoting or diabetogenic effects. Preclinical rodent data show lipolysis without loss of insulin sensitivity; in humans, six placebo-controlled trials confirmed safety but did not prove clinically meaningful weight loss. Not an approved drug; research-use material only.

IGF pathwayIGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1): structure, IGF-1R signalling, and the limits of the evidenceIGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1) is an 83-amino-acid recombinant IGF-1 analogue: a Glu3→Arg substitution plus a 13-residue N-terminal extension sharply reduce IGFBP binding, so a far larger fraction of the peptide stays free than for native IGF-1. Covers molecular design, IGF-1R signalling (PI3K/Akt, MAPK), how it differs from des(1-3)IGF-1, the honest limits of the evidence base (mostly rodents and cell culture; no controlled human data), and a documented proliferative concern. Research use only (RUO).

Repair & Recovery PeptidesKLOW — research peptide blend (GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500 + KPV)KLOW is a research peptide blend (RUO) of four substances: the copper complex GHK-Cu, the pentadecapeptide BPC-157, a thymosin β4 fragment (TB-500), and the tripeptide KPV. This monograph covers the chemistry, structure, and published mechanism of each component and the rationale for combining them — with no instructions for human use.

KPV (Lys-Pro-Val) PeptideKPV (Lys-Pro-Val) is a synthetic tripeptide, the C-terminal fragment of α-MSH. It is studied for anti-inflammatory action (gut, skin): class, mechanism, and evidence.

Immune & Antimicrobial PeptidesLL-37 (human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide)LL-37 is the sole human cathelicidin, a 37-residue amphipathic α-helical peptide released by proteolysis from the C-terminus of the hCAP18 proprotein. It couples direct membranolytic antimicrobial action with broad immunomodulation, chemotaxis and pro-angiogenic activity. This material is for laboratory research use only (RUO).

L-CarnitineL-carnitine is the natural carrier of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria, a key cofactor of β-oxidation and energy metabolism: mechanism, what studies show, and the honest level of evidence.

L-Carnitine (LC600): mechanism, human evidence, and safetyL-Carnitine (LC600) is an established, extensively human-studied nutraceutical. This monograph covers the carnitine shuttle and fatty-acid oxidation, the randomized clinical evidence on weight, lipids, cardiovascular outcomes, exercise recovery, fertility and acetyl-L-carnitine in neurology, plus pharmacokinetics, safety and the TMAO question.

Nerves / neuroregenerationMIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH₂, melanostatin): a tripeptide positive allosteric modulator of dopamine D2/D4 receptorsMIF-1 (Pro-Leu-Gly-NH₂) is an endogenous tripeptide, an oxytocin fragment and a positive allosteric modulator of dopamine D2/D4 receptors that crosses the blood–brain barrier. A referenced review of the mechanism, the “melanostatin” history and the early (limited) research in Parkinson's disease and depression.

MK-677 (Ibutamoren)MK-677 (ibutamoren) is an oral non-peptide growth-hormone secretagogue, a ghrelin mimetic that activates the GHSR-1a receptor: class, mechanism, and what clinical studies show.

Mitochondrial & Longevity PeptidesMOTS-c (mitochondrial-derived peptide)MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded within an alternative reading frame of the 12S rRNA gene (MT-RNR1) of mitochondrial DNA. It activates AMPK, translocates to the nucleus under metabolic stress and regulates adaptive gene expression; in preclinical models it modulates glucose and lipid homeostasis. The material is for laboratory research use only (RUO).

Mitochondrial & Longevity PeptidesNAD⁺ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)NAD⁺ is the central redox coenzyme and, at the same time, a substrate for sirtuins, PARPs and CD38. An overview of its structure, biosynthesis (de novo, Preiss–Handler, salvage), redox chemistry, consuming enzymes and role in ageing biology. Research-use-only (RUO) reagent.

Anti-agingP021 (P21): a CNTF-derived neurotrophic peptidergic compoundP021 (Ac-DGGL(A)G-NH₂) is a synthetic small neurotrophic compound derived from the active region of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). In rodent Alzheimer's and ageing models it enhances hippocampal neurogenesis and BDNF and reduces tau hyperphosphorylation. The evidence base is entirely preclinical; no human dose is established. Reference material only (RUO).

PT-141 (Bremelanotide)Bremelanotide (PT-141) is a cyclic heptapeptide and melanocortin-receptor agonist (mainly MC4R) that acts on the central neural pathways of sexual desire. FDA-approved as Vyleesi (2019) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women per the RECONNECT RCTs.

Metabolic peptidesPXL770 — direct AMPK activator (a small molecule, not a peptide)PXL770 is a synthetic small molecule (a thienopyridone derivative) from Poxel SA, a first-in-class direct allosteric AMPK activator. Target engagement was confirmed in humans in phase 1b, but the phase 2a STAMP-NAFLD trial missed its primary endpoint; the programme was redirected to ADPKD and X-ALD, where the data remain preclinical.

ERR agonistsSLU-PP-332 — synthetic pan-ERR agonist (exercise mimetic)SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic small-molecule pan-ERR agonist (ERRα/β/γ) that, in rodents, reproduces part of the metabolic response to aerobic exercise (an «exercise mimetic»). It is a small molecule, not a peptide, and has no established human dose. This is a scientific reference summary for research-use-only (RUO) material.

ERR agonistsSLU-PP-915 — an orally bioavailable, boronic-acid pan-ERR agonistSLU-PP-915 is a boronic-acid small molecule and pan-ERRα/β/γ agonist from Saint Louis University. Unlike the acylhydrazone SLU-PP-332, it was engineered for metabolic stability — and became the first orally bioavailable member of the series. The entire evidence base is cells and mice; there are no human studies.

SNAP-8 (Acetyl Octapeptide-3)SNAP-8 (acetyl octapeptide-3) is a synthetic cosmetic peptide, an extended analog of Argireline. Studied topically for expression wrinkles. The evidence base is mostly manufacturer and cosmetic testing, not medical RCTs.

Mitochondrial & Longevity PeptidesSS-31 (Elamipretide): Mitochondria-Targeting TetrapeptideSS-31 (elamipretide, the Szeto–Schiller peptide) is an aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide, H-D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂, that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This monograph reviews its structure, molecular mechanism, preclinical and clinical research record, pharmacokinetics and analytics. For research use only (RUO).

Tissue repairTB-500 (Thymosin β4): actin, tissue repair and research statusTB-500 is a synthetic thymosin β4 (Tβ4) peptide that sequesters G-actin. Mechanism, preclinical tissue-repair data and research-use-only (RUO) status.

Ancillary SuppliesBacteriostatic Water for InjectionSterile Water for Injection with 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a bacteriostatic preservative — the standard multi-dose diluent for reconstituting lyophilized research peptides. Composition, preservative chemistry, difference from sterile water, concentration math, stability and storage. Research-use-only (RUO) reagent.

Muscle growthBimagrumab (BYM338): anti-ActRII monoclonal antibody — mechanism, clinical record and limits of the evidenceBimagrumab (BYM338) is a human IgG monoclonal antibody (~150 kDa, not a peptide) that blocks activin type II receptors (ActRIIA/ActRIIB), silencing myostatin, activin A and GDF-11 signalling together. A review of receptor-level blockade, the three Novartis clinical programmes, the recurring mass-without-function result, and the metabolic pivot toward body composition.

Bioregulators & AntioxidantsGlutathione (reduced, GSH)Glutathione (GSH) is the endogenous thiol tripeptide γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, the cell's principal low-molecular-weight antioxidant and redox buffer. As an RUO reagent it is used to study redox homeostasis, xenobiotic detoxification, enzyme kinetics, and cellular models of oxidative stress.

MitochondriaHumanin — a mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP)Humanin is a 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP) encoded within the 16S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA (MT-RNR2). It was the first MDP identified; it is studied as a cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic signal in neuroprotection and metabolic ageing. This reference summarises the chemistry, mechanism and published preclinical record; research use only (RUO), with no established human dose.

Epithalamin (pineal peptide complex)Epithalamin, the pineal peptide complex from Khavinson's bioregulator program. A large preclinical body on melatonin, antioxidation and animal lifespan, plus a narrow but genuine, never-independently-replicated human dataset. Research use only.

Epitalon (Epithalon): Pineal PeptideEpitalon (Epithalon, AEDG) is a synthetic Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly tetrapeptide, a short Khavinson peptide bioregulator: class, mechanism, and the telomerase and ageing data.

IpamorelinIpamorelin (NNC 26-0161) is a selective pentapeptide growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1a) agonist. It releases a clean GH pulse with little effect on cortisol, ACTH, or prolactin. A research-use-only scientific reference: the real evidence is mostly preclinical, and there is no approved human indication.

Incretin AgonistsCagrilintide (AM833) — a long-acting amylin analogueCagrilintide (AM833, NN0174-0833) is a rationally engineered, lipidated analogue of human amylin (IAPP) with a once-weekly activity profile. This monograph covers its chemistry, mechanism of calcitonin/AMY receptor activation, the preclinical and clinical research record, pharmacokinetics and analytical characterization. Prepared strictly for research use only (RUO).

Incretin AgonistsLiraglutideLiraglutide (Victoza/Saxenda) is an acylated, once-daily GLP-1 analogue. Mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and key clinical data with verified sources.

Melanotan 2 (Melanotan II)Melanotan 2 is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, a non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist and α-MSH analogue, studied in the context of skin pigmentation regulation.

NAD+ / metabolic longevityNicotinamide Riboside (NR)Nicotinamide riboside is the riboside form of vitamin B3 and an NAD⁺ precursor with its own enzymatic route (NRK1/NRK2), described only in 2004. Mechanism, the 2025 enterohepatic-circulation finding, the NR-versus-NMN argument, and the central fact of the clinical record: NAD⁺ rises reliably, functional outcomes mostly do not. Research reagent (RUO).

Bioregulators & AntioxidantsPinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg, EDR) — a Khavinson short peptidePinealon is a synthetic Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR) tripeptide from the Khavinson family of short peptides, studied as a neurotropic bioregulator. In preclinical models EDR penetrates the cell nucleus, interacts site-specifically with double-stranded DNA and modulates gene expression while lowering reactive oxygen species. This monograph summarizes its chemistry, molecular mechanism and the published research record; for research use only (RUO).

SelankSelank is a synthetic heptapeptide, a tuftsin analog with anxiolytic, nootropic and immunomodulatory activity. A science overview of its class, mechanism of action, research directions and handling as a research substance.

Incretin AgonistsSemaglutideSemaglutide is a long-acting acylated analogue of glucagon-like peptide-1, a GLP-1 receptor agonist that has been the subject of extensive preclinical and clinical research on glycaemic control and body-weight regulation. This overview is strictly scientific and reference in nature.

SemaxSemax is a synthetic heptapeptide (Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro), a stabilized analog of the ACTH(4–10) fragment. A reference overview of its class, mechanism via the neurotrophin system (BDNF/TrkB) and research directions.

TesamorelinTesamorelin is a synthetic GHRH analog that stimulates the body's own endogenous release of growth hormone. Best studied in HIV-associated lipodystrophy (brand Egrifta, FDA approval) in real phase-3 RCTs. Research-use-only material.

ThymalinThymalin is a complex of low-molecular-weight thymus polypeptides studied as a regulator of T-lymphocyte differentiation and a means of correcting cellular immunity. It is a heterogeneous fraction rather than one molecule, so no single sequence or molar mass exists for it.

Immune & Antimicrobial PeptidesThymosin α-1 (thymalfasin)Thymosin α-1 (thymalfasin) is a synthetic 28-residue N-acetylated peptide, a fragment of prothymosin α known as an endogenous immunomodulator. An RUO reagent for research into innate and adaptive immunity, TLR signalling and T-cell differentiation. Supplied strictly for laboratory use.

Incretin AgonistsTirzepatideTirzepatide (LY3298176) is a synthetic peptide, a dual agonist of the GIP and GLP-1 receptors, studied in metabolic research of type 2 diabetes and obesity.