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IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1): structure, IGF-1R signalling, and the limits of the evidence
IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1) is an 83-amino-acid recombinant IGF-1 analogue: a Glu3→Arg substitution plus a 13-residue N-terminal extension sharply reduce IGFBP binding, so a far larger fraction of the peptide stays free than for native IGF-1. Covers molecular design, IGF-1R signalling (PI3K/Akt, MAPK), how it differs from des(1-3)IGF-1, the honest limits of the evidence base (mostly rodents and cell culture; no controlled human data), and a documented proliferative concern. Research use only (RUO).